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1 spectral observations
English-russian dictionary of physics > spectral observations
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2 спектральные наблюдения
Русско-английский физический словарь > спектральные наблюдения
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3 observation
наблюдение@airborne observationsвысотные наблюдения из атмосферы@amateur observationsлюбительские наблюдения@anticenter observationsнаблюдения антицентра (Галактики)@astrolabe observationsнаблюдения с астролябией@astrometric observationsастрометрические наблюдения@astronomical observationsастрономические наблюдения@astrophysical observationsастрофизические наблюдения@available observationsданные наблюдений@background observationsнаблюдения фона (космического) радиоизлучения@balloon observationsнаблюдения с воздушных шаров (стратостатов)@declination observationsопределение склонений@differential observationsдифференциальные [относительные] наблюдения@direct observationsпрямые наблюдения@eclipse observationнаблюдения затмения@extraterrestrial observationsвнеатмосферные наблюдения@fundamental observationsамт. фундаментальные [абсолютные] наблюдения@ground-based observationsназемные наблюдения@high-resolution observationsнаблюдения с высоким разрешением@hydrogen line observationsнаблюдения в линии водорода@infrared observationsнаблюдения в инфракрасном диапазоне@interferometer observationsинтерференционные наблюдения@latitude observationsширотные наблюдения@long-baseline observationsрда. наблюдения с большим базисом@lunar observationsнаблюдения Луны@meridian observationsамт. меридианные наблюдения@meridian circle observationsнаблюдения с меридианным кругом@meteor observationsнаблюдения метеоров@microwave observationsнаблюдения в микроволновом диапазоне@optical observationsоптические наблюдения@photographic observationsфотографические наблюдения@photoelectric observationsфотоэлектрические наблюдения@planetary observationsнаблюдения планет@polarization observationsполяризацонные наблюдения@radar observationsрадиолокационные наблюдения@radio(-astronomical) observationsрадиоастрономические наблюдения@radio source observationsнаблюдения источников радиоизлучения@satellite observations1.наблюдения спутников 2.наблюдения со спутников@seeing observationsнаблюдения качества астрономических изображений@solar observationsнаблюдения Солнца@solar X and UV observationsнаблюдения рентгеновского и ультрафиолетового излучения Солнца@spacecraft observationнаблюдения с космических аппаратов@spectral observationsспектральные наблюдения@synoptic observationsсиноптические наблюдения@telescopic observationsтелескопические наблюдения@transit observationsнаблюдения прохождений светил через меридиан@visual observationsвизуальные наблюдения@white-light observationнаблюдения в белом свете@ -
4 наблюдение
1.observation 2.observingнаблюдения антицентра Галактикиanticenter observationsнаблюдения в белом светеwhite-light observationsнаблюдения в инфракрасном диапазонеinfrared observationsнаблюдения в линии водородаhydrogen line observationsнаблюдения в микроволновом диапазонеmicrowave observationsнаблюдения затменияeclipse observationsнаблюдения источников радиоизлученияradio source observationsнаблюдения качества астрономических изображенийseeing observationsнаблюдения Луныlunar observationsнаблюдения метеоровmeteor observationsнаблюдения планетplanetary observationsнаблюдения прохождений светил через меридианtransit observationsнаблюдения рентгеновского и ультрафиолетового излучения Солнцаsolar X and UV observationsнаблюдения с астролябиейastrolabe observationsнаблюдения с большим базисомlong-baseline observationsнаблюдения с воздушных шаровballoon observationsнаблюдения с высоким разрешениемhigh-resolution observationsнаблюдения с космических аппаратовspacecraft observationsнаблюдения с меридианным кругомmeridian circle observationsнаблюдения Солнцаsolar observationsнаблюдения со спутниковsatellite observationsнаблюдения спутниковsatellite observationsнаблюдения фона космического радиоизлученияbackground observationsабсолютные наблюденияfundamental observationsастрометрические наблюденияastrometric observationsастрономические наблюденияastronomical observationsастрофизические наблюденияastrophysical observationsвизуальные наблюденияvisual observationsвнеатмосферные наблюденияextraterrestrial observationsвысотные наблюдения из атмосферыairborne observationsдифференциальные наблюденияdifferential observationsдополнительные наблюденияintermediate observationsежечасные наблюденияhour observationsинтерференционные наблюденияinterferometer observationsкосвенные наблюдения1.dependent observations 2.indirect observationsлюбительские наблюденияamateur observationsмеридианные наблюденияmeridian observationsназемные наблюденияground-based observationsночные наблюденияnight observationsобзорные наблюденияsurveyобзорные наблюдение из космосаspatial surveyоптические наблюденияoptical observationsотносительные наблюденияdifferential observationsповторное наблюдениеduplicate observationпозиционные наблюденияposition worksполяризационные наблюденияpolarization observationsпрямые наблюденияdirect observationsрадиоастрономические наблюденияradio (astronomical) observationsрадиолокационные наблюденияradar observationsсиноптические наблюдениягфз. synoptic observationsсистематические наблюденияroutine observationsслучайное наблюдениеcausal observationспектральные наблюденияspectral observationsтелескопические наблюденияtelescopic observationsугломерные наблюденияangular observationsфотографические наблюденияphotographic observationsфотометрические наблюденияphotometric worksфотоэлектрические наблюденияphotoelectric observationsфундаментальные наблюденияfundamental observationsшаропилотные наблюденияpilot-ballon observationsширотные наблюденияlatitude observationsэксцентрическое наблюдениегеод. observation at satellite station -
5 sequence
1) очерёдность; порядок следования3) геол. стратиграфический разрез4) серия, комплекс•- absolutely divergent sequence - absolutely limited sequence - absolutely summable sequence - absolutely unbiased sequence - adjusted homology sequence - asymptotically convergent sequence - asymptotically isotropic sequence - asymptotically lattice sequence - compactly divergent sequence - completely reversible sequence - conditionally divergent sequence - decimal geometric sequence - delicately divergent sequence - discretely convergent sequence - essentially convergent sequence - essentially finite sequence - essentially periodic sequence - everywhere dense sequence - infinitely large sequence - infinitely proceeding sequence - infinitely small sequence - integral stationary sequence - inverse sequence - inverted sequence - linearly independent sequence - locally convergent sequence - metrically convergent sequence - metrically transitive sequence - monotonically decreasing sequence - monotonically increasing sequence - never increasing sequence - numerical sequence - projectively realizable sequence - properly divergent sequence - rapid acquisition sequence - rapidly decreasing sequence - rapidly increasing sequence - recursively defined sequence - recursively divergent sequence - recursively enumerable sequence - relatively compact sequence - sequence of prime numbers - sequence of principal indices - slowly decreasing sequence - slowly increasing sequence - slowly oscillating sequence - stochastically compact sequence - stochastically stable sequence - strictly increasing sequence - strictly measurable sequence - strictly monotonic sequence - strongly convergent sequence - strongly downward sequence - strongly stationary sequence - strongly summable sequence - totally increasing sequence - totally monotone sequence - two-taile sequence - two-way infinite sequence - unconditionally divergent sequence - uniformly divergent sequence - uniformly integrable sequence - weakly convergent sequence -
6 analysis
- analysis of observations
- analysis of optical spectrum - activation analysis
- a-posteriori analysis
- approximate analysis
- a-priori analysis
- automatic number analysis
- batch circuit analysis
- behavioral analysis
- binding-time analysis
- bottom-up analysis
- cepstral analysis
- cipher analysis
- circuit analysis
- cluster analysis
- combinatorial analysis
- comparative analysis
- compatibility analysis
- complex analysis
- content analysis
- contingency analysis
- conversational analysis
- cost analysis
- cost/benefit analysis
- covariance analysis
- critical path analysis
- crystal analysis
- cyclic analysis
- dataflow analysis
- decision-tree analysis
- dimensional analysis
- discourse analysis
- discriminant analysis
- display data analysis
- domain analysis
- EDX analysis
- electron diffraction analysis
- electron probe analysis
- empirical analysis
- energy-dispersive X-ray analysis
- error analysis
- factor analysis
- failure analysis - fluorescence analysis
- Fourier analysis
- fractal image analysis
- frequency analysis
- frequency-domain analysis
- frequency-response analysis
- functional analysis
- fuzzy analysis
- fuzzy logic analysis
- harmonic analysis
- incremental circuit analysis
- interactive signal analysis
- interferometric analysis
- interval analysis
- joint analysis
- Kaplan-Meier analysis
- kernel discriminant analysis
- k-means cluster analysis
- large-signal analysis
- laser microprobe analysis
- linear two-group discriminant analysis
- linguistic analysis
- logic analysis
- logistic analysis
- logit analysis
- log-linear analysis
- luminescent analysis
- magnetic neutron diffraction analysis
- malfunction analysis
- mathematical analysis
- matrix analysis
- maximum-likelihood analysis
- means/ends analysis
- memory operating characteristic analysis
- mesh analysis
- meta-analysis
- microprobe analysis
- mixed-level analysis
- mixed-mode analysis
- modified nodal analysis
- Monte-Carlo analysis
- morphological analysis
- multifactor analysis of variance
- multilevel analysis
- multimode analysis
- multiple discriminant analysis
- multivariate analysis
- network analysis
- nodal analysis
- numerical analysis - operation analysis
- path analysis
- phase-plane analysis
- photon analysis
- photothermoelectric analysis
- policy analysis - probabilistic analysis
- problem analysis
- protocol analysis
- qualitative analysis
- quantitative analysis
- radar signal analysis
- radiographic analysis
- radiometric analysis
- randomized block analysis of variance
- receiver operating characteristic analysis
- regression analysis
- regression correlation analysis
- repeated measures analysis of variance
- requirements analysis
- risk analysis
- sampling analysis
- set analysis
- signature analysis
- single-mode analysis
- small-signal analysis
- sound analysis
- sparse table analysis
- spectral analysis
- spectrophotometric analysis
- spectrum signature analysis
- speech analysis
- static analysis
- statistical analysis
- sticky analysis
- structural analysis
- structured analysis
- structured systems analysis
- survival analysis
- syntactic analysis
- syntactical analysis
- system analysis
- system analysis in control
- tensor analysis
- time-domain analysis
- time-to-event analysis
- top-down analysis
- topological analysis
- traffic analysis
- trend analysis
- two-factor factorial analysis of variance
- wave-length dispersive X-ray analysis
- weighted analysis
- what if analysis
- worst-case analysis
- X-ray analysis
- X-ray spectral analysis
- X-ray structure analysis -
7 analysis
- a posteriori analysis
- a priori analysis
- activation analysis
- analysis of covariance
- analysis of means
- analysis of observations
- analysis of optical spectrum
- analysis of variance
- approximate analysis
- automatic number analysis
- batch circuit analysis
- behavioral analysis
- binding-time analysis
- bottom-up analysis
- cepstral analysis
- cipher analysis
- circuit analysis
- cluster analysis
- combinatorial analysis
- comparative analysis
- compatibility analysis
- complex analysis
- content analysis
- contingency analysis
- conversational analysis
- cost analysis
- cost/benefit analysis
- covariance analysis
- critical path analysis
- crystal analysis
- cyclic analysis
- dataflow analysis
- decision-tree analysis
- dimensional analysis
- discourse analysis
- discriminant analysis
- display data analysis
- domain analysis
- EDX analysis
- electron diffraction analysis
- electron probe analysis
- empirical analysis
- energy-dispersive X-ray analysis
- error analysis
- factor analysis
- failure analysis
- failure mode and effects analysis
- fault-tree analysis
- feature analysis
- finite element analysis
- flow analysis
- fluorescence analysis
- Fourier analysis
- fractal image analysis
- frequency analysis
- frequency-domain analysis
- frequency-response analysis
- functional analysis
- fuzzy analysis
- fuzzy logic analysis
- harmonic analysis
- incremental circuit analysis
- interactive signal analysis
- interferometric analysis
- interval analysis
- joint analysis
- Kaplan-Meier analysis
- kernel discriminant analysis
- k-means cluster analysis
- large-signal analysis
- laser microprobe analysis
- linear two-group discriminant analysis
- linguistic analysis
- logic analysis
- logistic analysis
- logit analysis
- log-linear analysis
- luminescent analysis
- magnetic neutron diffraction analysis
- malfunction analysis
- mathematical analysis
- matrix analysis
- maximum-likelihood analysis
- means/ends analysis
- memory operating characteristic analysis
- mesh analysis
- meta-analysis
- microprobe analysis
- mixed-level analysis
- mixed-mode analysis
- modified nodal analysis
- Monte-Carlo analysis
- morphological analysis
- multifactor analysis of variance
- multilevel analysis
- multimode analysis
- multiple discriminant analysis
- multivariate analysis
- network analysis
- nodal analysis
- numerical analysis
- object-oriented analysis
- off-line circuit analysis
- operation analysis
- path analysis
- phase-plane analysis
- photon analysis
- photothermoelectric analysis
- policy analysis
- predictable failure analysis
- principal components analysis
- probabilistic analysis
- problem analysis
- protocol analysis
- qualitative analysis
- quantitative analysis
- radar signal analysis
- radiographic analysis
- radiometric analysis
- randomized block analysis of variance
- receiver operating characteristic analysis
- regression analysis
- regression correlation analysis
- repeated measures analysis of variance
- requirements analysis
- risk analysis
- sampling analysis
- set analysis
- signature analysis
- single-mode analysis
- small-signal analysis
- sound analysis
- sparse table analysis
- spectral analysis
- spectrophotometric analysis
- spectrum signature analysis
- speech analysis
- static analysis
- statistical analysis
- sticky analysis
- structural analysis
- structured analysis
- structured systems analysis
- survival analysis
- syntactic analysis
- syntactical analysis
- system analysis in control
- system analysis
- tensor analysis
- time-domain analysis
- time-to-event analysis
- top-down analysis
- topological analysis
- traffic analysis
- trend analysis
- two-factor factorial analysis of variance
- wave-length dispersive X-ray analysis
- weighted analysis
- what if analysis
- worst-case analysis
- X-ray analysis
- X-ray spectral analysis
- X-ray structure analysisThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > analysis
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8 matrix
1) мат. матрица || матричный2) форма, шаблон4) растр5) решётка6) таблица7) геол. материнская порода, основная масса ( породы)8) основа кристаллического вещества; кристаллическая решётка•- absolutely equivalent matrices - adjoint matrices - almost perfect matrix - almost periodic matrix - almost superdiagonal matrix - associative matrix - birth-death coefficient matrix - cocycle matrix - commutative matrix - commute matrices - commuting matrix - complex conjugate matrix - compound matrix - conjunctive matrices - consistently ordered matrix - constituent matrices - deficient matrix - doubly degenerated matrix - doubly stochastic matrix - encoding matrix - essentially positive matrix - magnetic core matrix - matrix of linear transformation - multiplicatively cogredient matrix - multiply degenerate matrix - mutually consistent matrices - nearly triangular matrix - negatively semidefinite matrix - nonnegatively semidefinite matrix - orthogonally similar matrices - positively definite matrix - positively semidefinite matrix - regularly partitioned matrix - strictly upper triangular matrix - strongly equivalent matrices - totally nonnegative matrix - totally positive matrix - totally unimodular matrix - uniformly tapered matrix - vertex incidence matrix - vertically symmetrical matrix - weakly cyclic matrix -
9 series
1) последовательность (1. пронумерованное множество элементов 2. совокупность связанных или однородных объектов или событий, упорядоченных в пространстве или времени по определённому закону) || последовательный, расположенный или происходящий в виде последовательности2) последовательное соединение (напр. электрических цепей) || последовательный ( о соединении)3) набор; комплект; семейство4) вчт ряд (напр. Фурье)5) серия (напр. спектральная)7) регулярно повторяющаяся вещательная программа (напр. сериал); серия передач ( с общей темой или в общем формате)•- series of observations
- alternate series
- alternating series
- arithmetic series
- Balmer series
- bivariate series
- Brackett series
- cardinal series
- cointegrated time seriess
- convergent series
- cosine Fourier series
- data series
- discrete series
- Edgeworth series
- electrochemical series
- electromotive series
- electromotive-force series
- electrostatic series
- ergodic time series
- F-series
- Fourier series
- galvanic series
- geometric series
- grating-lobe series
- harmonic series
- homologous series
- Humphrey's series
- infinite series
- integrated of order p-time series
- Laurent series
- Lyman series
- Maclaurin series
- Markov series
- Markovian series
- matrix series
- network series
- optical series
- ordered series
- oscillating series
- Paschen series
- Pfund series
- power series
- sine Fourier series
- singular series
- spectral series
- stationary time series
- Taylor series
- thermoelectric series
- time series
- triboelectric series
- trigonometric series
- truncated series
- Volta series
- Walsh series
- weighted series -
10 series
1) последовательность (1. пронумерованное множество элементов 2. совокупность связанных или однородных объектов или событий, упорядоченных в пространстве или времени по определённому закону) || последовательный, расположенный или происходящий в виде последовательности2) последовательное соединение (напр. электрических цепей) || последовательный ( о соединении)3) набор; комплект; семейство4) вчт. ряд (напр. Фурье)5) серия (напр. спектральная)7) регулярно повторяющаяся вещательная программа (напр. сериал); серия передач ( с общей темой или в общем формате)•- alternating series
- arithmetic series
- Balmer series
- bivariate series
- Brackett series
- cardinal series
- cointegrated time seriess
- convergent series
- cosine Fourier series
- data series
- discrete series
- Edgeworth series
- electrochemical series
- electromotive series
- electromotive-force series
- electrostatic series
- ergodic time series
- Fourier series
- F-series
- galvanic series
- geometric series
- grating-lobe series
- harmonic series
- homologous series
- Humphrey's series
- infinite series
- integrated of order p time series
- Laurent series
- Lyman series
- Maclaurin series
- Markov series
- Markovian series
- matrix series
- network series
- optical series
- ordered series
- oscillating series
- Paschen series
- Pfund series
- power series
- series of curves
- series of observations
- sine Fourier series
- singular series
- spectral series
- stationary time series
- Taylor series
- thermoelectric series
- time series
- triboelectric series
- trigonometric series
- truncated series
- Volta series
- Walsh series
- weighted seriesThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > series
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11 серия
seriesсерия наблюденийseries of observationsсерия полосband progression (in molecular spectrum)спектральная серияspectral series -
12 group
1) группа, ансамбль || групповой- roughing mill group2) совокупность; комплект3) группировка || группировать(ся)5) класс; категория || классифицировать; категоризировать6) хим. остаток7) сгусток; скопление8) узел9) матем. группа- absolute free group - absolute homotopy group - absolutely irreducible group - absolutely simple group - additively written group - adele group - adelic group - algebraically compact group - algebraically simple group - almost connected group - almost cyclic group - almost ordered group - almost periodic group - almost simple group - alternating form group - cancellative group - cellular homology group - characteristically simple group - complementing group - completely anisotropic group - completely discontinuous group - completely divisible group - completely indecomposable group - completely integrally closed group - deficient group - direct homology group - direct indecomposable group - doubly transitive group - finitely defined group - finitely generated group - finitely presented group - finitely related group - first homology group - first homotopy group - freely generated group - full linear group - full orthogonal group - full rotation group - full symmetric group - full unimodular group - group of classes of algebras - group of covering transformations - group of finite rank - group of infinite order - group of infinite rank - group of inner automorphisms - group of linear equivalence - group of linear forms - group of linear manifold - group of principal ideles - group of real line - group of recursive permutations - group of right quotients - idele class group - linearly ordered group - linearly transitive group - locally bicompact group - locally closed group - locally compact group - locally connected group - locally cyclic group - locally defined group - locally embeddable group - locally finite group - locally free group - locally infinite group - locally nilpotent group - locally normal group - locally solvable group - multiply primitive group - multiply transitive group - nonsolvable group - n-th homotopy group - ordered pair group - principal congruence group - properly orthogonal group - properly unimodular group - pure projective group - pure rotation group - pure simple group - quasipure projective group - quotient divisible group - residually nilpotent group - restricted holonomy group - sharply transitive group - simply ordered group - simply reducible group - simply transitive group - singular cogomology group - singular homology group - solvable group - stable group - strictly transitive group - strongly polycyclic group - subsolvable group - supersolvable group - totally ordered group - totally projective group - totally reducible group - triply transitive group - unitary symmetry group - unitary transformation group - value group - weak homology group - weakly mixing groupgroup with multiple operators — группа с многоместными операторами, мультиоператорная группа
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13 set
1) набор; комплект- semiconductor assembly set - set of Belleville springs - set of conventional set - set of drawing instruments - set of gate patterns - set of gauge blocks - set of logical elements - set of statistical data - set of technical aids- snap set2) партия3) совокупность; множество4) установка; агрегат- desk telephone set - dial telephone set- gear set- local-battery telephone set - man-pack radio set - multi-operator welding set - sound-powered telephone set - wall telephone set5) регулировка; настройка || регулировать; настраивать6) группа; ансамбль7) класс; семейство9) схватывание || схватываться10) затвердевание || затвердевать11) крепление || закреплять12) геол. свита пород13) осадка (грунта) || оседать ( о грунте)14) радиоточка15) спорт сет16) включать, приводить в действие17) мат. множествоset closed under operation — множество, замкнутое относительно операции
- absolutely compact set - absolutely continuous set - absolutely convex set - absolutely irreducible set - absolutely measurable set - affinely independent set - affinely invariant set - algebraically independent set - almost finite set - almost full set - angular cluster set - asymptotically indecomposable set - at most denumerable set - centro-symmetric set - completely bounded set - completely continuous set - completely generating set - completely improper set - completely irreducible set - completely nonatomic set - completely normal set - completely ordered set - completely productive set - completely reducible set - completely separable set - constructively nonrecursive set - convexly independent set - countably infinite setto set aside — не учитывать, не принимать во внимание; откладывать
- cut set- cyclically ordered set - deductively inconsistent set - derived set - doubly well-ordered set - dual set of equations - dynamically disconnected set - effectively enumerable set - effectively generating set - effectively nonrecursive set - effectively simple set - enumeration reducible set - finely perfect set - finitely definite set - finitely measurable set- flat set- full set- fully reducible set - functionally closed set - functionally complete set - functionally open set - fundamental probability set - generalized almost periodic set- goal set- internally stable set- knot set- left directed set - left normal set - left-hand cluster set - linearly ordered set - local peak set - locally arcwise set - locally closed set - locally compact set - locally connected set - locally contractible set - locally convex set - locally finite set - locally invariant set - locally negligible set - locally null set - locally polar set - locally polyhedral set - metrically bounded set - metrically dense set - multiply ordered set - nearly analytic set - nearly closed set - nonvoid set - normally ordered set- null set- open in rays set - partitioned data set- peak set- pole set- positively homothetic set- pure set- radially open set - rationally independent set - recursively creative set - recursively indecomposable set - recursively isomorphic set - recursively productive set - regularly convex set - regularly situated sets - relatively closed set - relatively compact set - relatively dense set - relatively interpretable set - relatively open set - right normal set - right-hand cluster set- scar set- sequentially complete set - serially ordered set - set of elementary events - set of first category - set of first kind - set of first species - set of possible outcomes - set of probability null - set of second category - set of second species - shift invariant set - simply connected set - simply ordered set - simply transitive set- skew set- star set- strongly bounded set - strongly closed set - strongly compact set - strongly connected set - strongly convex set - strongly dependent set - strongly disjoint sets - strongly enumerable set - strongly independent set - strongly minimal set - strongly polar set - strongly reducible set - strongly separated set - strongly simple set - strongly stratified set- tame set- tautologically complete set - tautologically consistent set - tautologically inconsistent set- test set- thin set- tie set- time set- totally disconnected set - totally imperfect set - totally ordered set - totally primitive set - totally unimodular set - totally unordered set - truth-table reducible set - uniformly bounded set - uniformly continuous set - uniformly convergent set - uniformly integrable set - uniformly universal set - unilaterally connected set- unit set- vacuous set- void set- weakly compact set - weakly convex set - weakly n-dimensional set - weakly stratified set - weakly wandering set - well chained set - well founded set - well measurable set - well ordering set - well quasiordered set -
14 Crookes, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 17 June 1832 London, Englandd. 4 April 1919 London, England[br]English chemist and physicist who carried out studies of electrical discharges and cathode rays in rarefied gases, leading to the development of the cathode ray tube; discoverer of the element thallium and the principle of the Crookes radiometer.[br]Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1897. Order of Merit 1910. FRS 1863. President, Royal Society 1913–15. Honorary LLD Birmingham. Honorary DSc Oxon, Cambridge, Sheffield, Durham, Ireland and Cape of Good Hope.Bibliography1874, On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation.1874, "Researches in the phenomenon of spiritualism", Society of Metaphysics; reprinted in facsimile, 1986.For many years he was also Proprietor and Editor of Chemical News.Further ReadingE.E.Fournier D'Albe, 1923, Life of Sir William Crookes. Who Was Who II, 1916–28, London: A. \& C. Black. T.I.Williams, 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. See also Braun, Karl Ferdinand.KF / MG
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